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Review: Tip-based vibrational spectroscopy for nanoscale analysis of emerging energy materials

Amun JARZEMBSKI, Cedric SHASKEY, Keunhan PARK

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 43-71 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0524-8

摘要： Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the key instrumentations that provide non-invasive investigation of structural and chemical composition for both organic and inorganic materials. However, diffraction of light fundamentally limits the spatial resolution of far-field vibrational spectroscopy to roughly half the wavelength. In this article, we thoroughly review the integration of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with vibrational spectroscopy to enable the nanoscale characterization of emerging energy materials, which has not been possible with far-field optical techniques. The discussed methods utilize the AFM tip as a nanoscopic tool to extract spatially resolved electronic or molecular vibrational resonance spectra of a sample illuminated by a visible or infrared (IR) light source. The absorption of light by electrons or individual functional groups within molecules leads to changes in the sample’s thermal response, optical scattering, and atomic force interactions, all of which can be readily probed by an AFM tip. For example, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) spectroscopy methods measure a sample’s local thermal expansion or temperature rise. Therefore, they use the AFM tip as a thermal detector to directly relate absorbed IR light to the thermal response of a sample. Optical scattering methods based on scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) correlate the spectrum of scattered near-field light with molecular vibrational modes. More recently, photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) has been developed to measure the change of the optical force gradient due to the light absorption by molecular vibrational resonances using AFM’s superb sensitivity in detecting tip-sample force interactions. Such recent efforts successfully breech the diffraction limit of light to provide nanoscale spatial resolution of vibrational spectroscopy, which will become a critical technique for characterizing novel energy materials.

关键词： vibrational spectroscopy atomic force microscopy photo-thermal induced resonance scanning near-field optical microscopy tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy photo-induced force microscopy molecular resonances surface phonon polaritons energy materials

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超分辨近场光学成像技术及其产业开发

吴世法

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第2期页码 10-14

摘要：

超分辨近场光学成像技术是当前国内外一个重要的高新技术前沿课题，也将是我国21世纪初应该发展的一项高新技术产业。文中介绍了我国自1991年以来开拓研究的进展，探讨了国际学术界及产业开发中当前存在的主要问题，提出了各类超分辨扫描模式成像公式的乘法表达式，并作了分析比较。为解决消除假像和从有形貌等混合图像中分离纯光学图像两大难题，作者曾于1993年和1996年提出两项发明专利，为发展我国的该产业解决了两大技术关键。

关键词：超衍射权限分辨近场光学成像技术超分辨光学显微镜

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Near-field radiative thermoelectric energy converters: a review

Eric TERVO, Elham BAGHERISERESHKI, Zhuomin ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 5-21 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0517-z

摘要： Radiative thermoelectric energy converters, which include thermophotovoltaic cells, thermoradiative cells, electroluminescent refrigerators, and negative electroluminescent refrigerators, are semiconductor p-n devices that either generate electricity or extract heat from a cold body while exchanging thermal radiation with their surroundings. If this exchange occurs at micro or nanoscale distances, power densities can be greatly enhanced and near-field radiation effects may improve performance. This review covers the fundamentals of near-field thermal radiation, photon entropy, and nonequilibrium effects in semiconductor diodes that underpin device operation. The development and state of the art of these near-field converters are discussed in detail, and remaining challenges and opportunities for progress are identified.

关键词： energy conversion systems luminescent refrigeration near-field radiation thermophotovoltaic thermoradiative cell

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利用方向矢量分解的近场及严格非圆信源三维定位 Research Article

李正1,2,沈金清1,2,张小飞1,2

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第4期页码 644-652 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100034

摘要：关于中心对称十字阵下近场及严格非圆信源的三维定位很少有报道。本文提出一个性能改进算法。分离方向矢量中多个参数以将方向矢量转变为若干矩阵的乘积形式，并且每个矩阵只包含一个参数。由此可以通过一个一维谱搜索来解决每个待估计参数。尽管该算法复杂度是我们之前提出算法的若干倍，然而，其关于波达方向的估计误差和分辨率估计性能得到提升，同时距离估计性能也能够保持不变。所提算法优越性在仿真结果中得到验证。

关键词：定位；中心对称十字阵；非圆信源；近场；方向矢量分解

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Analysis of resonant coupling coil configurations of EV wireless charging system: a simulation study

M. LU, A. JUNUSSOV, M. BAGHERI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 152-165 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0615-1

摘要： Nowadays, internal combustion engine vehicles are considered as one of the major contributors to air pollution. To make transportation more environmentally friendly, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have been proposed. However, with an increase in the number of PEVs, the drawbacks associated with the cost and size, as well as charging cables of batteries have arisen. To address these challenges, a novel technology named wireless charging system has been recently recommended. This technology rapidly evolves and becomes very attractive for charging operations of electric vehicles. Currently, wireless charging systems offer highly efficient power transfer over the distances ranging from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters. This paper is focused on analyzing electromagnetically coupled resonant wireless technique used for the charging of EVs. The resonant wireless charging system for EVs is modeled, simulated, and then examined by changing different key parameters to evaluate how transfer distance, load, and coil’s geometry, precisely number of coil’s turns, coil’s shape, and inter-turn distance, influence the efficiency of the charging process. The simulation results are analyzed and critical dimensions are discussed. It is revealed that a proper choice of the dimensions, inter-turn distance, and transfer distance of the coil can result in a significant improvement in charging efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the transfer distance, frequency, load, as well as the number of the turns of the coil on the performance of wireless charging system is the main focus of this paper.

关键词： electromagnetically coupled resonator near-field power transfer wireless power transfer (WPT)

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Stress field near circular-arc interface crack tip based on electric saturation concept

Longchao DAI, Xinwei WANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第3期页码 320-325 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0042-9

摘要： Within the framework of nonlinear electroelasticity, the anti-plane problem of a circular-arc interfacial crack between a circular piezoelectric inhomogeneity and an infinite piezoelectric matrix subjected to a far-field uniform loading is investigated by an electrical strip saturation model, the complex variable method, and the method of analytical continuation. Explicit closed form expressions for the complex potentials in both the matrix and the inclusion, and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip are presented. Comparison with some related solutions based on the linear electroelastic theory shows the validity of the present solutions

关键词： piezoelectric material arc crack strip saturation stress intensity factor

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β-Nickel hydroxide cathode material for nano-suspension redox flow batteries

Yue LI, Cheng HE, Elena V. TIMOFEEVA, Yujia DING, Javier PARRONDO, Carlo SEGRE, Vijay RAMANI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 401-409 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0496-0

摘要： As part of an effort to build a prototype flow battery system using a nano-suspension containing β-Ni(OH) nanoparticles as the cathode material, nano-sized β-Ni(OH) particles with well-controlled particle size and morphology were synthesized via the one-step precipitation of a NiCl precursor. The composition and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns confirmed that β-Ni(OH) was successfully synthesized, while SEM results showed that the particle sizes range from 70 to 150 nm. To ensure that Ni(OH) could be employed in the nano-suspension flow battery, the electrochemical performance of the synthesized β-Ni(OH) was initially tested in pouch cells through charge/discharge cycling. The phase transformations occurring during charge/discharge were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy to obtain the shift in the oxidation state of Ni (X-ray adsorption near edge structure, XANES) and the distances between Ni and surrounding atoms in charged and discharged states (extended X-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS). XANES results indicated that the electrode in the discharged state was a mixture of phases because the edge position did not shift back completely. XAFS results further proved that the discharge capacity was provided by β-NiOOH and the ratio between β-Ni(OH) and g-NiOOH in the electrode in the discharged state was 71:29. Preliminary nano-suspension tests in a lab-scale cell were conducted to understand the behavior of the nano-suspension during charge/discharge cycling and to optimize the operating conditions.

关键词： nano-suspension flow battery β-Ni(OH)₂ scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)

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Experimental flexural behavior of SMA-FRP reinforced concrete beam

Adeel ZAFAR, Bassem ANDRAWES

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 341-355 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0221-y

摘要： The most critical drawback in currently used steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is susceptibility to accumulation of plastic deformation under excessive loads. Many concrete structures due to damaged (yielded) steel reinforcement have undergone costly repairs and replacements. This research presents a new type of shape memory alloy (SMA)-based composite reinforcement with ability to withstand high elongation while exhibiting pseudo-elastic behavior. In this study, small diameter SMA wires are embedded in thermoset resin matrix with or without additional glass fibers to develop composite reinforcement. Manufacturing technique of new proposed composite is validated using microscopy images. The proposed SMA-FRP composite square rebars are first fabricated and then embedded in small scale concrete T-beam. 3-point bending test is conducted on manufactured RC beam using a cyclic displacement controlled regime until failure. It is found that the SMA-FRP composite reinforcement is able to enhance the performance of concrete member by providing re-centering and crack closing capability.

关键词： re-centering shape memory alloys concrete composite fiber reinforced polymer scanning electron microscopy

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Temperature field simulation of laser homogenizing equipment

Juanjuan WANG, Yunshan WANG, Fudong ZHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第1期页码 49-52 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0005-1

摘要： The laser homogenizing equipment was devised using the ring scanning principle. Its working principle is explained. A laser scanning ring facula is obtained when the laser beam goes through the equipment’s optical system rotating with high-frequency. The scanning ring facula’s mathematic model is established based on the temperature field’s superposing principle. The ring facula’s light intensity distribution and temperature distribution characteristics are achieved by simulating its temperature field. By studying the effect of parameters on the temperature field, the best parameter can be found. Results show that favorable temperature distribution characteristics can be attained by choosing appropriate parameters, and even the thermal effect can be realized by utilizing the circumference power compensating for the heat exchange lost in the horizontal direction. The uniform hardness layer and better process quality can be attained using the ring facula optimized for metal laser heat treatment.

关键词： laser homogenizing technology laser scanning ring facula temperature field

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光学显微镜分辨率提升至亚纳米级

Chris Palmer

《工程（英文）》 2023年第31卷第12期页码 11-14 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.11.002

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基于谐波的多光子扫描结构光照明超分辨显微成像

汪磊, 郑晓敏, 周洁, 王美婷, 陈嘉杰, 曾佑君, 许改霞, 王颖, 邱海霞, 邵永红, 屈军乐, 高志, 顾瑛

《工程（英文）》 2022年第16卷第9期页码 65-72 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.010

摘要： style="text-align: justify;">本文提出了一种利用多光子非线性效应的多光子结构光照明超分辨显微成像（multiphoton-structured illumination microscopy

关键词：超分辨显微成像结构光照明超分辨显微成像多光子结构光照明超分辨显微成像 SIM 二次谐波产生（SHG）-SIM

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Plasma-enabled healing of graphene nano-platelets layer

Xiuqi Fang, Carles Corbella, Denis B. Zolotukhin, Michael Keidar

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 350-359 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1787-7

摘要： Graphene platelet networks (GPNs) were deposited onto silicon substrates by means of anodic arc discharge ignited between two graphite electrodes. Substrate temperature and pressure of helium atmosphere were optimized for the production of the carbon nanomaterials. The samples were modified or destroyed with different methods to mimic typical environments responsible of severe surface degradation. The emulated conditions were performed by four surface treatments, namely thermal oxidation, substrate overheating, exposition to glow discharge, and metal coating due to arc plasma. In the next step, the samples were regenerated on the same substrates with identical deposition technique. Damaging and re-growth of GPN samples were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The full regeneration of the structural and morphological properties of the samples has proven that this healing method by arc plasma is adequate for restoring the functionality of 2D nanostructures exposed to harsh environments.

关键词： graphene platelet networks anodic arc discharge plasma healing scanning electron microscopy Raman spectroscopy

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多孔径光学成像系统及其光场采集数学模型 Review Article

祁启明,傅瑞罡,邵铮铮,王平,范红旗

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第6期页码 823-844 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100058

摘要：

受昆虫复眼启发，为提高光学成像质量，如获得高分辨率图像或大视场图像，研究者提出了许多多孔径光学成像系统。光场采集数学模型是联系多孔径光学成像系统结构设计与应用的纽带，但光场采集数学模型较少被关注。本文系统梳理了典型多孔径光学成像系统（仿生复眼、光场相机、相机阵列），总结了不同结构下多孔径光学成像系统的一般性光场采集数学模型。列出的数学模型既可用于计算特定多孔径光学成像系统的关键指标，如视场大小和子图像重叠比等，也可作为数学工具，便于研究者完成对成像系统的定量设计与评估。

关键词：多孔径光学成像系统；仿生复眼；光场相机；相机阵列；光场采集模型

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高海拔冻土区路基周边近地表流场特征及其工程意义

穆彦虎, 马巍, 杨朝晖, 栗晓林, 张坤, 毛运城

《工程（英文）》 2022年第14卷第7期页码 169-180 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.020

摘要：

块碎石、通风管和热管等主动冷却措施广泛应用于冻土区工程建设，通过强化冷季与外界空气的换热过程降低下伏多年冻土的温度，进而确保气候变暖背景下工程构筑物的长期稳定性。对于气冷类主动冷却措施而言，对流换热过程至关重要，因此掌握构筑物周边流场特征具有重要的意义。结合青藏高原北麓河高等级公路试验示范工程，沿垂直于路基走向的横剖面开展了路基周边近地表流场的长期定位观测。基于6 个观测塔完整的一年观测数据，研究了路基两侧60 m范围内地面以上0.5 m、1.5 m、3.0 m和4.5 m高度上风速、风向的空间分布特征及季节变化规律。结果表明，路基的存在对近地表流场有显著的影响，在背风侧的影响距离可达10 倍路基高度。路基周边近地表风速沿高度的分布可用综合幂次律描述，幂次值为0.14~0.4；远离路基位置幂次值年均水平为0.19，与以往研究中常用值存在差异。讨论了近地表风场的空间分布和季节变化对包括块石、通风管等气冷路基结构工作机制和长期效果的影响，认为低估近地表风场速度剖面的幂次值、忽略风向的季节变化可能导致气冷类主动冷却降温措施设计的不足。现场测试结果可为高原冻土区工程建设提供有益参考。

关键词：进地表流场现场观测气冷措施线性交通工程青藏高原

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Fouling mechanisms in the early stage of an enhanced coagulation-ultrafiltration process

Haiqing CHANG,Baicang LIU,Wanshen LUO,Guibai LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 73-83 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0692-7

摘要： We investigated the fouling performances of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for treating in-line coagulated water in an enhanced coagulation-UF hybrid process. Then we analyzed the fouling mechanisms in the early stage of UF using mathematical models and microscopy observation methods. Finally, we discussed the impact of aeration on membrane fouling in this paper. The results showed that a two-stage of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) profile during the operation of enhanced coagulation-UF membrane was observed, and the relationship between permeability and operation time fitted well with a logarithmic curve. Membrane pores blocking and cake filtration were confirmed as main membrane fouling mechanisms using the mathematical models. The two stages of membrane fouling mechanisms were further deduced, namely, the membrane pore narrowing followed by the formation of cake layer. Membrane autopsy analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the membrane surface sampled from different filtration cycles also confirmed the mechanisms of pores blocking and cake filtration. Moreover, according to the variations of the permeability and membrane fouling resistance, aeration was able to mitigate and control the membrane fouling to a certain extent, but the optimization of aeration conditions still needs to be studied.

关键词： coagulation-UF trans-membrane pressure (TMP) permeability membrane fouling resistance scanning electron microscopy (SEM)